Bacteria transition between existing in the biofilm state, in which cells are members of surface-associated multicellular collectives, and living as free-swimming, exploratory individuals. Biofilms consist of cells surrounded by a self-secreted extracellular matrix that protects the resident cells from threats including predation, antimicrobials, and dislocation due to flow. Biofilms are relevant to human health because beneficial microbiome bacteria exist in biofilms, and, during disease, because pathogens in biofilms evade host immune defenses, thwart medical intervention, and exhibit virulence. The biofilm lifecycle consists of three stages: cell attachment, biofilm maturation, and dispersal. Cells liberated during the dispersal step can disseminate and found new biofilms. The environmental stimuli and the components facilitating biofilm attachment and maturation have been defined for many bacterial species. In contrast, little is known about the biofilm dispersal stage.
The model pathogen Vibrio cholerae forms biofilms in its aquatic habitat, biofilm cells are especially virulent in mouse models of cholera disease, and biofilms are thought to be critical for cholera transmission. Studies of V. cholerae biofilms have predominantly focused on matrix overproducing strains that constitutively exist in the biofilm mode and that do not disperse. This research strategy has propelled understanding of V. cholerae biofilm attachment and maturation, revealing that the second messenger cyclic diguanylate is a master regulator of biofilm formation, and that expression of vibrio polysaccharide biosynthetic genes are required. The strategy of characterizing constitutive biofilm formers, while successful for uncovering factors that promote biofilm formation, has necessarily precluded studies of biofilm dispersal. Recently, we employed a microscopy assay that allowed us to monitor the full wild-type V. cholerae biofilm lifecycle. We combined this assay with high-content imaging of randomly mutagenized WT V. cholerae to identify genes required for biofilm dispersal. Investigation of the proteins encoded by the genes allowed us to characterize the signaling relays, matrix-digestion enzymes, and motility components required for biofilm dispersal, a key stage in the lifecycle of the global pathogen V. cholerae.